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Research Article
Mind and Psyche as Roots of History
Roberto Bani*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
295-305
Received:
15 May 2025
Accepted:
3 June 2025
Published:
26 June 2025
Abstract: The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good memory that allows knowledge, forms of reasoning present in chimpanzees. However, the human brain is three and a half times larger than his, hence the broad knowledge and rich language, and it is a brain capable of specializing in practical but also abstract and spiritual activities. All this constitutes a completely new interactive chain in the relationship between species and environment, because man knows how to adapt reality to his needs thanks to a completely new faculty: creativity, the spark of history. Psyche - I start from the Primitive Horde hypothesized by Freud in Totem and Taboo, and I follow Darwin to identify the Origin of Man however in his psychic and social heritage, a heritage that, we will see, has an enormous weight in societies, in history and life of people. Ideas and motivations are distinguished, among these the trust or security that each one seeks in the context in which he lives but following archaic feelings inherited from animals such as property and rank. It should be considered that the last genetic social structure in which the sapiens lived, and in which their best feelings were formed, is the tribe or multi-family community. This community no longer exists and has eclipsed its essential character of being a face-to-face group, or group in which everyone knows each other. Its disappearance, which occurred since the first civilizations, marks the beginning of history.
Abstract: The aim of all my work is to understand and explain relational life. The work is present in the articles and books already published. Mind - Since its origin, Homo sapiens acquired the potential that will allow history. These are qualities already present in primates and inherited from them, such as the prehensile limb, binocular vision, a good mem...
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Research Article
Effects of Foreign Labour Migration on Left Behind Their Children
Manamaya Mishra,
Laxman Shingh Kunnwar*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
306-314
Received:
13 May 2025
Accepted:
4 June 2025
Published:
30 June 2025
Abstract: This paper based on Effects of Foreign Labour Migration especially focus on their Children” and objective of examining the effects of foreign labour migration on the left their children. It helps to understand the economic, social and demographic effects on the left behind family members, particularly spouses located in Ward No. 4, Gauradaha Municipality of Jhapa district. Quantitative data from 150 respondents, particularly spouses and parents of the foreign labour migrants, have been collected by employing a structured questionnaire and scheduled interview technique. It uses census method for data collection. This study illustrates that majority of the migrants are Limbu and Tamang males motivated by economic push factors and social pull factors to migrate abroad. Malaysia (56%), Quater (25%) are main destination countries. Average household wealth score and household income have both increased after foreign labour migration. The left behind spouses are more comfortable talking to their family members instead of other people and institutions located in the community regarding the social discrimination that they experience. Given that these effects are diverse, balancing them requires comprehensive government policies that address the specific needs of families left behind. Community level awareness is necessary to educate the people regarding the challenges faced by left behind spouses and to dispel the negative stereotypes pertaining to foreign labour migration. It is necessary to consider the diverse challenges associated with left behind children.
Abstract: This paper based on Effects of Foreign Labour Migration especially focus on their Children” and objective of examining the effects of foreign labour migration on the left their children. It helps to understand the economic, social and demographic effects on the left behind family members, particularly spouses located in Ward No. 4, Gauradaha Munici...
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Research Article
Remote Data Verification Under Fragility and Operational Stress: Insights from Somalia During COVID-19
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
315-331
Received:
21 May 2025
Accepted:
7 June 2025
Published:
30 June 2025
Abstract: Organizations operating under fragile contexts often struggle to uphold data quality standards due to insecurity, institutional fragmentation, and limited field access. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these constraints. It suspended the possibility of direct verification and posed critical questions about the integrity of performance oversight. This research investigates whether remote Data Quality Assessments (DQAs) preserved accountability and verification rigor during this period of operational stress. The research adopts a qualitative case study design and analyzes the remote DQA model implemented across the USAID Somalia portfolio in 2020. The analysis relies on reporting documents, standardized templates, verification protocols, and technical feedback archives to evaluate performance across five data quality dimensions and examine the remote DQA process. It references peer-reviewed studies, donor publications, and evaluation reports from Somalia and similar fragile settings to support contextual interpretation and enable cross-case insight. The research applies thematic content analysis and triangulated document review to assess institutional behavior and the resilience of monitoring systems under constraint. The findings confirm that remote DQAs enabled continuity of oversight and preserved structured verification logic. However, performance in institutional adaptation varied. The research reveals that remote models depend heavily on partner capacity and documentation clarity. Coordination between implementing partners and sub-implementing partners emerged as a strategic determinant of remote verification success. While remote DQAs allowed accountability in non-permissive settings, they could not replicate the contextual depth and diagnostic precision of field-based assessments. The absence of observational evidence hindered the detection of informal practices and constrained verification confidence. The research concludes that remote verification models offer a viable response to operational disruption, but they cannot substitute for the comprehensiveness of hybrid approaches. Hybrid models that combine remote reviews with targeted field visits, once embedded within institutional frameworks, offer a strategic path to reinforce system resilience in fragile and constrained settings. Somalia’s experience highlights the need for donors and implementing partners to institutionalize adaptive oversight mechanisms capable of maintaining data quality under fragility and stress.
Abstract: Organizations operating under fragile contexts often struggle to uphold data quality standards due to insecurity, institutional fragmentation, and limited field access. The COVID-19 pandemic intensified these constraints. It suspended the possibility of direct verification and posed critical questions about the integrity of performance oversight. T...
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Research Article
Touch and Feel Me; I Am Not a Ghost: A Descriptive Analysis of the Use of Sense Organs to Validate the Tangibility of Jesus’ Post-resurrection Body
Reuben Turbi Luka*,
Ishaya Garba Jurau
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
332-339
Received:
10 May 2025
Accepted:
12 June 2025
Published:
7 July 2025
Abstract: Recently, there have been shifts in response to Christ’s resurrection. One of these shifts has to do with human validation of the reality of the total tangibility or the physical body of Christ after his resurrection. This shift brought motivations in scholarship that relate to the use of human five sense organs to establish the veracity of apostolic claim of Jesus’ resurrection. To establish the ground adduced on whether the post-resurrected body of Jesus was a real human body or that of a ghost, the paper employs the use of the five sense organs to validate the claim of the apostles, church fathers, Medieval, and Reformation thinkers. The questions this paper address are, how has the five sense organs of touch, smell, hearing, sight, and feel validated the tangibility of Jesus’ material body? Was Jesus’ resurrection real, or it was just an ancient fictional imagination by Jewish philosophers? The objective of this study is to unveil how important the human five sense organs contributed in validating the tangibility of Jesus after the resurrection. Significantly, the study seeks to establish the certainty of the event that has brought a huge suspicious challenge to both ordinary and critical thinkers on its tangibility. The quest for confirmation and validation, if explained vividly could serve as a verifier of Jesus’ resurrection, and provide a credible explanation on the reality of the resurrection that began with the apostles. To this end, a historical and theological methodology is employed to determine the truth and significance of Christ's resurrection. This study demonstrates and contributes to the ongoing discussion not only on the fact of the resurrection but also on the tangibility of Jesus’ physical appearance beyond the suspicious appearance of a deceased ghost in human history. Furthermore, the study provides vital and legitimate reasons for contemporary Christians to adhere to their long-held belief in line with biblical and theological tenets.
Abstract: Recently, there have been shifts in response to Christ’s resurrection. One of these shifts has to do with human validation of the reality of the total tangibility or the physical body of Christ after his resurrection. This shift brought motivations in scholarship that relate to the use of human five sense organs to establish the veracity of apostol...
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Research Article
Transformations in Collective Action Understanding Radicalization in Social Movements
Andrea Grippo*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
340-349
Received:
11 June 2025
Accepted:
21 June 2025
Published:
7 July 2025
Abstract: In recent years, radicalization has increasingly emerged as a central concern within the study of contemporary social movements. This article investigates the radicalization of collective action as a multidimensional and evolving process within democratic societies, challenging conventional approaches that associate radicalization solely with extremism or violence. Starting from the premise that post-industrial societies are characterized by a “social movement society” in which protest is a routine feature of civic engagement, the study examines how movements can shift from moderate dissent to more radicalized forms of mobilization. To explain this transformation, the article adopts a multi-level analytical framework that integrates macro-level structural triggers, meso-level organizational dynamics, and micro-level identity and framing processes. Empirically, it draws on a multi-method research design—combining frame analysis, protest event analysis, and secondary data—to explore the evolution of a protest movement that underwent significant ideological and tactical shifts. The study highlights how discursive strategies, alliances, and socio-political environments interact to reshape protest trajectories over time. By unpacking the layered and contingent processes that drive radicalization—beyond simplistic or linear models—the article contributes to current debates on contentious politics, protest mobilization, and the challenges posed to democratic resilience. The findings emphasize the need to view radicalization not merely as a threat, but as a complex and contextually embedded phenomenon that reflects deeper tensions within modern democracies.
Abstract: In recent years, radicalization has increasingly emerged as a central concern within the study of contemporary social movements. This article investigates the radicalization of collective action as a multidimensional and evolving process within democratic societies, challenging conventional approaches that associate radicalization solely with extre...
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Research Article
Spatial Patterns and Driving Factors of Interprovincial Rural Migration: A Case Study of Henan Province, China
Ge Gao*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
350-361
Received:
30 May 2025
Accepted:
17 June 2025
Published:
8 July 2025
Abstract: The large-scale mobility of the rural population plays a significant role in shaping China’s economic and social development, highlighting the need for deeper research into its patterns and influencing factors. Based on data from China’s Seventh National Census, this study explores the spatial patterns of interprovincial migration among the rural population, taking Henan Province as a case study. Henan Province is selected because of its agricultural significance and its role as a major source of rural migrant outflow in China. By carrying out statistical analysis, spatial analysis and using a multivariate linear regression model, the study finds that the cross-provincial rural migrants from Henan Province are scattered throughout the country, but they are relatively concentrated in the eastern and southern coastal areas. Between the Sixth and Seventh National Censuses, the overall number of migrants increased significantly, while the spatial migration patterns remained largely unchanged. Meanwhile, it is found that the distance between the outflow and the inflow areas has a complex impact on interprovincial rural migration. At present, economic factors outweigh geographical distance in importance, especially given the advancements in China’s transportation infrastructure and communication technologies. Regional language differences have little impact on the rural population’s migration across the country. More importantly, the factor of migration stock primarily affects the interprovincial migration of the rural population. Migration inertia functions as a key mechanism in determining migration destination choices. Employment opportunities and wage income levels are also fundamental factors guiding rural migrants’ destination choices. These findings provide insights into understanding rural migration in urbanization and contribute to regional development policies.
Abstract: The large-scale mobility of the rural population plays a significant role in shaping China’s economic and social development, highlighting the need for deeper research into its patterns and influencing factors. Based on data from China’s Seventh National Census, this study explores the spatial patterns of interprovincial migration among the rural p...
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Research Article
Insecurity and Challenges of Sustainable Quality Secondary School Education in North-central, Nigeria
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
362-370
Received:
24 May 2025
Accepted:
10 June 2025
Published:
14 July 2025
Abstract: Within the past few years, the emergence of insurgency groups, violent extremist organisations and bandits have threatened quality education in northern Nigeria – a region grappling with poverty, girl-child marriage and phenomenal number of out-of-school children. These groups have attacked and destroyed school facilities, kidnapped school children and created fear and panic across communities in northern Nigeria. These attacks have had consequential impacts on education. This study examines insecurity and the challenges it pose to quality secondary education in north-central Nigeria. The study utilised survey and descriptive survey research designs. Stratified sampling technique was used to select numbers of schools in four states within the north central based on school type (federal, states, private) and school security guards. The study population consisted of education stakeholders including secondary school principals, school teachers, quality assurance officers and school security guards. Multi-stage random sampling procedure was used in selecting 400 respondents for the study. Random sampling was deployed to select the number of respondents (77 school principals, 200 school teachers, 72 quality assurance inspector, and 51 school security guards). The research questions were answered using mean standard deviation. Findings revealed that insecurity had significant impact on monitoring, evaluation and the teaching-learning process in north central Nigeria. The study submits that insecurity is a threat to quality secondary education in north-central Nigeria. The study recommends deployment of technology in quality control in the education sector as well as adoption of the Safe School Initiative at the State and local government level across the region in order to make secondary school security community driven.
Abstract: Within the past few years, the emergence of insurgency groups, violent extremist organisations and bandits have threatened quality education in northern Nigeria – a region grappling with poverty, girl-child marriage and phenomenal number of out-of-school children. These groups have attacked and destroyed school facilities, kidnapped school children...
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Research Article
The Brazilian Far-right After Bolsonaro: How New Actors Are Using Disinformation Strategies to Mobilize the Audience on Digital Platforms
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
371-381
Received:
8 May 2025
Accepted:
3 June 2025
Published:
14 July 2025
Abstract: Although symbolically defeated by the left in the 2022 presidential elections, the Brazilian far-right, institutionally represented by former President Jair Messias Bolsonaro's government (2019-2022), continues to mobilize a significant portion of the electorate, repositioning its agenda within the mainstream of previously centrist and moderate politics. Given the central role of Bolsonarism (an ideological movement centered around Bolsonaro), this study aims to explore how the Brazilian far-right is adapting its narratives and rhetoric to seek greater support among voters. In this sense, we update the new uses of digital platforms and disinformation strategies adopted by the far-right parties and politicians to garner voter sympathy, especially from the center in the political spectrum. Through a Content Analysis, we identify five main manipulation tactics most commonly used on social media (Polarization, False Identity, Emotion, Defamation, and Conspiracy) associated with far-right rhetoric in the Brazilian context. In conclusion, we pointed out a change of this language, by the use of new platforms that now are playing a significant role in the way that Brazilian right and far-right actors communicate with the audience, such as a change of the topics in its traditional moral-emotional agenda, more based now in a transphobic discourse.
Abstract: Although symbolically defeated by the left in the 2022 presidential elections, the Brazilian far-right, institutionally represented by former President Jair Messias Bolsonaro's government (2019-2022), continues to mobilize a significant portion of the electorate, repositioning its agenda within the mainstream of previously centrist and moderate pol...
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Review Article
Aging in Iran: Challenges and Future Policy Directions
Maryam Koosha*
Issue:
Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2025
Pages:
382-389
Received:
1 February 2025
Accepted:
30 June 2025
Published:
18 July 2025
Abstract: Iran is undergoing a demographic transition, with projections indicating that older adults will account for over 30% of the population by 2050. This rapid aging trend, driven by declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy, presents significant challenges, including financial strain on pension systems, social isolation due to changes in family structures, and growing healthcare demands driven by chronic conditions. Although there are existing policies aimed at addressing aging, the fragmentation and lack of coordination between these policies hinder effective implementation and comprehensive support. This study employs a sociological framework, incorporating world-systems theory and network theory, to analyze the current state of aging-related policies in Iran. The findings reveal critical gaps in policy integration, governance, and resource allocation. Drawing on global best practices, including lessons from Japan, Scandinavian countries, and Singapore, the study proposes a unified policy approach that aligns with international standards while considering the socio-cultural and economic context of Iran. Key recommendations include the establishment of a centralized body to oversee aging initiatives, the development of age-friendly urban spaces, the promotion of community-based care models, and the integration of technology to enhance healthcare and social participation. This study aims to provide a comprehensive roadmap for Iran to address the challenges of an aging population and ensure the well-being of older adults in a rapidly changing society.
Abstract: Iran is undergoing a demographic transition, with projections indicating that older adults will account for over 30% of the population by 2050. This rapid aging trend, driven by declining fertility rates and increased life expectancy, presents significant challenges, including financial strain on pension systems, social isolation due to changes in ...
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