The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics

Wanying Liang; Jia Tian

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Research Article |

| Peer-Reviewed

The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics

Wanying Liang

, Jia Tian^*

Published in Social Sciences (Volume 14, Issue 6)

Received: 16 September 2025 Accepted: 8 November 2025 Published: 11 December 2025

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

In 2021, China released the “Double Reduction” policy and the “Promoting Home Education Law”, both emphasizing providing parenting guidance through family-school cooperation. However, parents’ needs for guidance and what factors influence their needs are unclear, posing barriers to the implementation of the national initiatives by schools and teachers. To explore parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the influencing factors on them, this study investigated 28 parents of low-grade pupils in Hailar, China, about their needs using semi-structured interviews, and surveyed 18 of them about their parenting styles and their children’s temperament using the Parenting Style Scale and the Children’s Temperament Scale. Qualitative analysis showed that parents demonstrated three needs for parenting guidance: schools and teachers optimizing feedback on tests, head teachers providing guidance while schools managing provision, and parents receiving help with improving parent-child communication skills. Quantitative analysis found associations between parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the parenting styles of rejection and overprotection. Parents’ gender, the number of their children’s siblings, and their children’s mood temperature were found to moderate the relationships between parenting styles and parents’ needs for parenting guidance. These findings provide important implications for further research in parenting guidance and family-school cooperation, as well as for practical work in schools, especially for school teachers to provide instruction for parents to educate their children according to the students’ and parents’ characteristics.

Published in	Social Sciences (Volume 14, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
Page(s)	591-600
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Parenting Styles, Needs for Parenting Guidance, Moderation, Parents, Children

References

[1]	General Office of the Communist Party of China Central Committee, General Office of the State Council, “Initiative of Further Reducing Student’ Academic Burden of Homework and Shadow Education of in Compulsory Education. Available from: https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-07/24/content_5627132.htm (Accessed 11 September 2025).
[2]	The National People’s Congress. “Family Education Promotion Law of the People’s Republic of China”. Available from: http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c30834/202110/8d266f0320b74e17b02cd43722eeb413.shtml (Accessed 11 September 2025).
[3]	Liu, S. The Changes of Times, Difficulties in Reality and Choice of Approaches in Family Education. Education Research Monthly. 2023(01), 44-49. https://doi.org/10.16477/j.cnki.issn1674-2311.2023.01.010
[4]	Liang, W. Appeals of Parents in Lower Grade of Primary School for Family Education Guidance in the “Double Reduction” Context: Based on Family-School Cooperation. M.Ed. Thesis, Liaoning Normal University, 2025.
[5]	Zhang, X., Zhang, S., Wang, M., Xu, Z., Zhou, M. Demand and Turn of Family Education Under the “Double Reduction” Policy: Based on a Survey of 3563 Families in Shanghai. Research in Educational Development. 2023, 43(20), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.14121/j.cnki.1008-3855.2023.20.004
[6]	Qian, J., Chen, H. Family Education Guidance: Urgent Need for Personalization and Scientification. Educational Science Research. 2018, (05), 18-20.
[7]	Perris, C., Jacobsson, L., Linndström, H., von Knorring, L., Perriset, H. Development of a new inventory for assessing memories of parental rearing behaviour. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1980, 61(4), 265-274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1980.tb00581.x
[8]	Jiang, J., Lu, Z., Jiang, B., Xu, Y. Revision of the Short-form Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran for Chinese. Psychological Development and Education. 2010, 26(01), 94-99. https://doi.org/10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2010.01.017
[9]	Liang, W., Zhang, Y. The Correlation between Sadomasochists' Experience and Their Sadomasochistic Behaviors and fantasies: A Qualitative Analysis of Interviews. PsyCh Journal. 2024, 13(2), 295-321. https://doi.org/10.1002/pchj.706
[10]	Zhang, J. Test Report on NYLS “Temperament Scale for Children Aged 3-7”. Chinese Journal of Mental Health. 1995, (05), 203-205+208+239.
[11]	Ding, T., Ni, J., Xu, J., Shen, J., Ye, G., Chen, L., Liu, X. Investigation of Social Competence and temperament type in Preschool Children in Shanghai Chongming District. Journal of Clinical Pediatrics. 2014, 32(06), 551-554. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2014.06.013
[12]	Liu, Z., Liu, T., Mu, S. Statistical Analysis Framework of Suppression Effect and Its Application. Psychology: Techniques and Applications. 2021, 9(10), 610-618. https://doi.org/10.16842/j.cnki.issn2095-5588.2021.10.004
[13]	Dong, H. Family-School Collaborative Education under the Background of “Double Reduction”. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education. 2021(S2), 196-199.
[14]	Dou, Y., Qiao, D. Top-Level Design and Implementation Strategy of Family Education Guidance Service System from the Perspective of “Family-School-Community Collaboration”. 2023, (01), 34-39+74.
[15]	Ma, S., Xin, Z. Family Education Guidance in Schools in the Context of Home-School-Society Co-operation: Necessity, Feasibility and Limitations. Forum on Contemporary Education. 2025, (01), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.13694/j.cnki.ddjylt.20241031.001
[16]	Liu, H., Chen, J., Zhao, M. Teacher’s ability to Guide Family Education and Its Cultivation. Journal of the Chinese Society of Education. 2024, (06): 90-95.
[17]	Yang, L., The Dilemma and Breakthrough of Schools Providing Guidance Services for Family Education. Teaching & Administration. 2024, (07), 16-20.
[18]	Jia, W., Q, Chen., Cai, Q. Does Homework Anxiety for Parents Still Exist in the Background of “Double Reduction”: An Empirical Study of 1648 Parents in 9 Districts of City Based on Grounded Theory. China Educational Technology. 2023, (05): 95-104.
[19]	Tang, Y., Motherhood Anxiety and Fathers’ Involvement in Parenting: A Qualitative Study of Middle-Class Families in Shenzhen. Journal of Shenzhen University (Humanities & Social Sciences), 2021, 38(06): 101-113.
[20]	Wang, Z., Yang, B. Personality psychology. Beijing: Higher Education Press; 2011, pp. 10-13.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Liang, W., Tian, J. (2025). The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics. Social Sciences, 14(6), 591-600. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Liang, W.; Tian, J. The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics. Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(6), 591-600. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Liang W, Tian J. The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics. Soc Sci. 2025;14(6):591-600. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13,
  author = {Wanying Liang and Jia Tian},
  title = {The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {591-600},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20251406.13},
  abstract = {In 2021, China released the “Double Reduction” policy and the “Promoting Home Education Law”, both emphasizing providing parenting guidance through family-school cooperation. However, parents’ needs for guidance and what factors influence their needs are unclear, posing barriers to the implementation of the national initiatives by schools and teachers. To explore parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the influencing factors on them, this study investigated 28 parents of low-grade pupils in Hailar, China, about their needs using semi-structured interviews, and surveyed 18 of them about their parenting styles and their children’s temperament using the Parenting Style Scale and the Children’s Temperament Scale. Qualitative analysis showed that parents demonstrated three needs for parenting guidance: schools and teachers optimizing feedback on tests, head teachers providing guidance while schools managing provision, and parents receiving help with improving parent-child communication skills. Quantitative analysis found associations between parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the parenting styles of rejection and overprotection. Parents’ gender, the number of their children’s siblings, and their children’s mood temperature were found to moderate the relationships between parenting styles and parents’ needs for parenting guidance. These findings provide important implications for further research in parenting guidance and family-school cooperation, as well as for practical work in schools, especially for school teachers to provide instruction for parents to educate their children according to the students’ and parents’ characteristics.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics
AU  - Wanying Liang
AU  - Jia Tian
Y1  - 2025/12/11
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 591
EP  - 600
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
AB  - In 2021, China released the “Double Reduction” policy and the “Promoting Home Education Law”, both emphasizing providing parenting guidance through family-school cooperation. However, parents’ needs for guidance and what factors influence their needs are unclear, posing barriers to the implementation of the national initiatives by schools and teachers. To explore parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the influencing factors on them, this study investigated 28 parents of low-grade pupils in Hailar, China, about their needs using semi-structured interviews, and surveyed 18 of them about their parenting styles and their children’s temperament using the Parenting Style Scale and the Children’s Temperament Scale. Qualitative analysis showed that parents demonstrated three needs for parenting guidance: schools and teachers optimizing feedback on tests, head teachers providing guidance while schools managing provision, and parents receiving help with improving parent-child communication skills. Quantitative analysis found associations between parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the parenting styles of rejection and overprotection. Parents’ gender, the number of their children’s siblings, and their children’s mood temperature were found to moderate the relationships between parenting styles and parents’ needs for parenting guidance. These findings provide important implications for further research in parenting guidance and family-school cooperation, as well as for practical work in schools, especially for school teachers to provide instruction for parents to educate their children according to the students’ and parents’ characteristics.
VL  - 14
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Wanying Liang

Department of Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China;Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-6054
Jia Tian

Department of Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0006-1038-8629

Download PDF

Submit an Article

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Liang, W., Tian, J. (2025). The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics. Social Sciences, 14(6), 591-600. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Liang, W.; Tian, J. The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics. Soc. Sci. 2025, 14(6), 591-600. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Liang W, Tian J. The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics. Soc Sci. 2025;14(6):591-600. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13,
  author = {Wanying Liang and Jia Tian},
  title = {The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics},
  journal = {Social Sciences},
  volume = {14},
  number = {6},
  pages = {591-600},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ss.20251406.13},
  abstract = {In 2021, China released the “Double Reduction” policy and the “Promoting Home Education Law”, both emphasizing providing parenting guidance through family-school cooperation. However, parents’ needs for guidance and what factors influence their needs are unclear, posing barriers to the implementation of the national initiatives by schools and teachers. To explore parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the influencing factors on them, this study investigated 28 parents of low-grade pupils in Hailar, China, about their needs using semi-structured interviews, and surveyed 18 of them about their parenting styles and their children’s temperament using the Parenting Style Scale and the Children’s Temperament Scale. Qualitative analysis showed that parents demonstrated three needs for parenting guidance: schools and teachers optimizing feedback on tests, head teachers providing guidance while schools managing provision, and parents receiving help with improving parent-child communication skills. Quantitative analysis found associations between parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the parenting styles of rejection and overprotection. Parents’ gender, the number of their children’s siblings, and their children’s mood temperature were found to moderate the relationships between parenting styles and parents’ needs for parenting guidance. These findings provide important implications for further research in parenting guidance and family-school cooperation, as well as for practical work in schools, especially for school teachers to provide instruction for parents to educate their children according to the students’ and parents’ characteristics.},
 year = {2025}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Relationship Between Parenting Styles and Needs for Parenting Guidance Moderated by Parents' and Children's Characteristics
AU  - Wanying Liang
AU  - Jia Tian
Y1  - 2025/12/11
PY  - 2025
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
T2  - Social Sciences
JF  - Social Sciences
JO  - Social Sciences
SP  - 591
EP  - 600
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-988X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20251406.13
AB  - In 2021, China released the “Double Reduction” policy and the “Promoting Home Education Law”, both emphasizing providing parenting guidance through family-school cooperation. However, parents’ needs for guidance and what factors influence their needs are unclear, posing barriers to the implementation of the national initiatives by schools and teachers. To explore parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the influencing factors on them, this study investigated 28 parents of low-grade pupils in Hailar, China, about their needs using semi-structured interviews, and surveyed 18 of them about their parenting styles and their children’s temperament using the Parenting Style Scale and the Children’s Temperament Scale. Qualitative analysis showed that parents demonstrated three needs for parenting guidance: schools and teachers optimizing feedback on tests, head teachers providing guidance while schools managing provision, and parents receiving help with improving parent-child communication skills. Quantitative analysis found associations between parents’ needs for parenting guidance and the parenting styles of rejection and overprotection. Parents’ gender, the number of their children’s siblings, and their children’s mood temperature were found to moderate the relationships between parenting styles and parents’ needs for parenting guidance. These findings provide important implications for further research in parenting guidance and family-school cooperation, as well as for practical work in schools, especially for school teachers to provide instruction for parents to educate their children according to the students’ and parents’ characteristics.
VL  - 14
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download